Who Represents the Craftsman Style the Most in Art

Architectural style

American Craftsman

American Craftsman-fashion bungalow in San Diego, California. Similar homes are common in older neighborhoods of many western and upper mid-western American cities.
Years active	1890s–1930s
Influences	Arts and Crafts movement

American Craftsman is an American domestic architectural fashion, inspired by the Arts and Crafts motion, which included interior pattern, landscape blueprint, applied arts, and decorative arts, beginning in the last years of the 19th century. Its immediate ancestors in American architecture are the Shingle style, which began the move abroad from Victorian ornamentation toward simpler forms; and the Prairie way of Frank Lloyd Wright. The proper noun "Craftsman" was appropriated from furniture-maker Gustav Stickley, whose magazine The Craftsman was beginning published in 1901. The architectural style was nearly widely used in modest-to-medium-sized Southern California single-family homes from about 1905, then that the smaller-scale Craftsman style became known alternatively equally "California bungalow". The style remained popular into the 1930s, and has connected with revival and restoration projects through present times.

Influences [edit]

The American Craftsman style was a 20th century American adjunct of the British Arts and crafts movement,^[1] which began as early as the 1860s.^[two]

A successor of other 19th century movements, such as the Gothic Revival and the Artful Movement,^[2] the British Arts and Crafts movement was a reaction against the deteriorating quality of appurtenances during the Industrial Revolution, and the corresponding devaluation of human labor, over-dependence on machines, and disbanding of the guild system.^[3] Members of the Arts and Crafts movement also balked at Victorian eclecticism, which cluttered rooms with mismatched, faux-historic goods in an attempt to convey a sense of worldliness.^[4] The movement emphasized handwork over mass product, and was in some ways simply as much of a social movement as it was an aesthetic 1, emphasizing the plight of the industrial worker and equating moral rectitude with the ability to create beautiful but elementary things. These social currents can specially be seen in the writings of John Ruskin and William Morris, both highly influential thinkers for the movement.^[5] In add-on, adherents sought to drag the condition of fine art forms that had hither-to-for been seen as a mere trade and not fine fine art.^[5]

The American move also reacted against the eclectic Victorian "over-decorated" aesthetic; even so, the arrival of the Arts and Crafts motility in late 19th century America coincided with the decline of the Victorian era. While the American Arts and Crafts motion shared many of the aforementioned goals of the British motility, such equally social reform, a return to traditional simplicity over gaudy historic styles, the use of local natural materials, and the acme of handicraft, it was also able to introduce: unlike the British movement, which had never been very skillful at figuring out how to make handcrafted production scalable,^[5] American Arts and Crafts designers were more than adept at the business side of design and compages, and were able to produce wares for a staunchly middle class market.^[2] Gustav Stickley, in particular, hit a chord in the American populace with his goal of ennobling pocket-size homes for a rapidly expanding American middle grade, embodied in the Craftsman Bungalow fashion.^{[half dozen]}

In architecture, reacting to both Victorian architectural opulence and increasingly mutual mass-produced housing, the style incorporated a visibly sturdy construction of clean lines and natural materials. The move'south name American Craftsman came from the pop magazine, The Craftsman, founded in Oct 1901 by philosopher, designer, furniture maker, and editor Gustav Stickley.^[seven] The magazine featured original house and article of furniture designs by Harvey Ellis, the Greene and Greene company, and others.^[viii] The designs, while influenced by the ideals of the British movement, found inspiration in specifically American antecedents such as Shaker piece of furniture and the Mission Revival Way, and the Anglo-Japanese style. Emphasis on the originality of the artist/craftsman led to the later design concepts of the 1930s Art Deco move.^{[ citation needed ]} The architect and designer Frank Lloyd Wright, himself a member of the Chicago Arts and Crafts Social club, was inspired by the style to go an innovator in the Prairie Schoolhouse of architecture and design,^[i] which shared many common goals with the Arts and crafts movement.^[nine]

The Boston Society of Arts and Crafts [edit]

The Arts and Crafts Move first emerged in the United states in Boston in the 1890s. The area was very receptive to the ideas of the Arts and Crafts movement due to prominent thinkers similar the transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Harvard Art History professor Charles Eliot Norton, who was a personal friend of British Fine art and Crafts leader William Morris.^[10] The move began with the first American Arts and Crafts Exhibition organized by the printer Henry Lewis Johnson in April 1897 at Copley Hall,^[eleven] featuring over 1,000 objects made by designers and craftspeople.

The exhibition's success led to the formation of the Boston Social club of Arts and crafts in June 1897 with Charles Eliot Norton as president.^[12] The society aimed to "develop and encourage higher standards in the handicrafts."^[thirteen] The Society focused on the human relationship of artists and designers to the world of commerce, and on loftier-quality workmanship.

The Society of Arts and crafts mandate was soon expanded into a ideology that read:

This Lodge was incorporated for the purpose of promoting artistic piece of work in all branches of handicraft. It hopes to bring Designers and Workmen into mutually helpful relations, and to encourage workmen to execute designs of their own. It endeavors to stimulate in workmen an appreciation of the nobility and value of good design; to counteract the popular impatience of Police force and Form, and the want for over-ornamentation and specious originality. It volition insist upon the necessity of sobriety and restraint, of ordered arrangement, of due regard for the relation betwixt the grade of an object and its employ, and of harmony and fitness in the decoration put upon it.^[14]

The lodge held its first exhibition in 1899 at Copley Hall.^[12]

Notable Craftsman designers [edit]

In Southern California, the Pasadena-based firm Greene and Greene was the most renowned practitioner of the original American Craftsman Style. Their projects for Ultimate bungalows include the Gamble House and Robert R. Blacker House in Pasadena, and the Thorsen House in Berkeley, California—with numerous others in California. Other examples in the Los Angeles region include the Craft Lummis Business firm by Theodore Eisen and Sumner P. Hunt, along the Arroyo Seco in Highland Park, California and the Journeying House, located in Pasadena.

In Northern California, architects renowned for their well planned and detailed projects in the Craftsman style include Bernard Maybeck, with the Swedenborgian Church, and Julia Morgan, with the Asilomar Conference Grounds and Mills College projects. Many other designers and projects represent the style in the region.

In San Diego, California, the style was also popular. Architect David Owen Dryden designed and built many Craftsman California bungalows in the North Park district, now a proposed Dryden Historic District. The 1905 Marston House of George Marston in Balboa Park was designed by local architects Irving Gill and William Hebbard.

In the early 1900s, developer Herberg J. Hapgood built numbers of Craftsman-style homes, many from stucco, that contain the lakeside borough of Mountain Lakes, New Jersey. Residents were called "Lakers." The homes followed signature styles, including bungalows and chalets. Hapgood somewhen went bankrupt.

The Castle in the Clouds, a mountaintop manor built in the Ossipee Mountains of New Hampshire in 1913–1914 for Thomas Gustave Constitute by builder J. Williams Beal, is an example of the American Craftsman way in New England.^[15]

Mutual architectural features [edit]

• Low-pitched roof lines, normally a gabled roof, occasionally a hip roof^[16]
• Deeply overhanging eaves^[16]
• Exposed rafters or decorative brackets nether eaves
• Wide front porch beneath extension of main roof or front end-facing gable
• Tapered, square columns supporting porch roof
• 4-over-1 or half-dozen-over-ane double-hung windows
• Shingle roofs and siding;^[17]
• Hand-crafted stone and/or woodwork
• Mixed materials throughout structure^[18]

See as well [edit]

• American Square
• Bungalow
• California bungalow
• Mar del Plata style

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} Craig, Robert (February 24, 2010). Craftsman Movement. Grover Art Online. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.commodity.T2085714. ISBN978-1-884446-05-4 . Retrieved 2020-04-12 .
2. ^ ^{a b c} Crawford, Alan (July 28, 2014). "Arts and Crafts Motility". Oxford Art Online. Grover Fine art Online. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.commodity.T004452. ISBN978-1-884446-05-iv . Retrieved 2020-04-12 .
3. ^ Suga, Yasuko (2004). "Art Instruction". In Adams, James Eli (ed.) Encyclopedia of the Victorian Era, vol. 1. Danbury, CT: Grolier Academic Reference.
4. ^ Anderson, Anne (2004). "Decorative Arts and Blueprint". In Adams, James Eli (ed.) Encyclopedia of the Victorian Era, vol. i. Danbury, CT: Grolier Academic Reference.
5. ^ ^{a b c} Anderson, Anne (2004). "Arts and Crafts Movement". In Adams, James Eli (ed.) Encyclopedia of the Victorian Era, vol. 1. Danbury, CT: Grolier Academic Reference.
6. ^ Craig, Robert M. (20 Jan 2015). Bungalows in the United states. Grover Art Online. doi:ten.1093/gao/9781884446054.commodity.T2289898. ISBN978-i-884446-05-4 . Retrieved 2020-04-xv .
7. ^ Smith, Mary Ann (1992). "The Beginnings of the Craftsman Empire". Gustav Stickley, the Craftsman. Courier Corporation. p. 33. ISBN978-0-4862-7210-8 – via Google Books.
8. ^ Smith, Mary Ann (2003). "Stickley, Gustav(e)". Grove Art Online.
9. ^ Sprauge, Paul (2003). Prairie school. Grove Art Online. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T069238. ISBN978-1-884446-05-four.
10. ^ Meister, 1000. (2014). An intellectual stew: Emerson, Norton, Brandeis. Arts and crafts architecture: History and heritage in New England. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
11. ^ Macomber, H. Percy (1916). "Arts and Crafts in the U.s.a.". In Levy, Florence Northward. (ed.). American Fine art Almanac. Vol. 13. American Federation of Arts. p. 407.
12. ^ ^{a b} Macomber, H. Percy (1916). "Arts and Crafts in the U.s.a.". In Levy, Florence N. (ed.). American Art Annual. Vol. 13. American Federation of Arts. p. 407.
13. ^ Miller, J. (2017). Miller's Arts and Crafts: Living with the Arts and Crafts Style. London, Octopus Publishing.
14. ^ Koplos, Janet; Metcalf, Bruce (2010). "Handwork and Industrialization". Makers: A History of American Studio Arts and crafts. University of North Carolina Press. p. 75. ISBN978-0-8078-3413-8 – via Google Books.
15. ^ Cahn, Lauren. (March 13, 2019) "The Most Famous House in Every State. Image #29: Castle in the Clouds " MSN.com website. Retrieved April 29, 2019.
16. ^ ^{a b} Michael J. Emmons Jr. (August 2, 2012). "Historic Style Spotlight: The Craftsman Bungalow". Historic Business firm Blog. Archived from the original on viii August 2012. Retrieved December xvi, 2018.
17. ^ Conover, Jewel Helen (1966). "III. The Architecture". Nineteenth-Century Houses in Western New York. State University of New York Press. p. 31. ISBN0-87395-017-8.
18. ^ "Erehwon Retreat" Retrieved 24 September 2020

Farther reading [edit]

• Kaplan, Wendy (1987). The Art That Is Life: The Arts and Crafts Movement in America 1875–1920 (1st ed.). Museum of Fine Arts Boston. ISBN978-0-8784-6265-0.
• Stickley, Gustav (1979). Craftsman Homes: Architecture and Furnishings of the American Arts and Crafts Movement . Dover Publications. ISBN978-0-4862-3791-half dozen.

External links [edit]

• Craftsman Perspective—Site devoted to Craft architecture, featuring over 220 house photos, including Craftsman and Mission styles
• American Bungalow Magazine—dedicated to talk over remodeling, restoring, furnishing, and living in dissimilar types of Bungalow style homes including Craftsman.
• Craftsman Magazine—Every effect of Gustav Stickley's magazine digitized on the University of Wisconsin Digital Collections website.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Craftsman

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